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Contents
Part 1 Diabetes in its Historical and Social
Context
1 The History of Diabetes Mellitus, 3
Robert B. Tat
B. Tattersall and David R. Matthews
2 Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes,
22
Ambady Ramachandran, Chamukuttan Snehalatha,
Arun Raghavan, and Arun Nanditha
3 The Global Burden of Diabetes, 28
Jessica L. Harding, Mary Beth Weber, and Jonathan E. Shaw
4 Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes, 41
Lars C. Stene and Jaakko Tuomilehto
5 Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes, 55
Ronald C.W. Ma and Peter C.Y. Tong
Part 2 Normal Physiology
Overview of Glucose Metabolism, 77
Richard I.G. Holt
7 6
Islet Function and Insulin Secretion, 84
Peter M. Jones and Shanta J. Persaud
8
Glucagon in Islet and Metabolic Regulation, 99
Jonathan E. Campbell and David A. D’Alessio
9 Mechanism of Insulin Action, 111
Morris F. White
10 Central Control of Glucose Homeostasis, 128
Kimberly M. Alonge, Kendra L. Francis, Nicole E. Richardson,
and Michael W. Schwartz
11 Control of Body Weight: How and Why Do We Gain Weight
Easier Than We Lose It?, 142
Janine Makaronidis and Rachel L. Batterham
Part 3 Pathogenesis of Diabetes
12 The Genetics of Diabetes, 157
Rashmi B. Prasad
13 Genetics of Obesity, 197
I. Sadaf Farooqi
14 Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes, 203
Omar Akel and Åke Lernmark
15 Other Disorders with Type 1 Diabetes and Atypical
Phenotypes, 216
Alice P.S. Kong, Elaine Y.K. Chow, Andrea O.Y. Luk,
and Juliana C.N. Chan
16 Abnormalities of Insulin Secretion and β-Cell Defects in Type 2
Diabetes, 225
Stefano Del Prato, Cristina Bianchi, and Giuseppe Daniele
17 Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes, 238
Michael Roden, Kitt Falk Petersen, and Gerald I. Shulman
18 Obesity and Diabetes, 250
Nick Finer
19 The Microbiome and Diabetes, 261
Amanda J. Cox, Nicholas P. West, and Allan W. Cripps
Part 4 Other Types of Diabetes
20 Monogenic Causes of Diabetes, 275
Brittany L. Resnick, Maggie H. Shepherd, and
Andrew T. Hattersley
21 Drug-Induced Diabetes, 295
Charles D. Ponte and Devra K. Dang
22 Diabetes in Hypersecreting Endocrine Disorders, 304
Allan A. Vaag, Neil A. Hanley, and Caroline M. Kistorp
23 Pancreatic Disease and Diabetes, 319
Ranjit Unnikrishnan and Viswanathan Mohan
24 Clinical Presentations of Diabetes, 330
Ee Lin Lim and Roy Taylor
Contents
Contents
vi
Part 5 Managing the Person with Diabetes
25 The Aims of Diabetes Care, 343
Katharine D. Barnard-Kelly and Richard I.G. Holt
26 Education to Empower the Person with Diabetes, 354
Ingrid Willaing and Michael Vallis
27 Dietary Management of Diabetes, 368
Nicola Guess
28 Physical Activities and Diabetes, 382
Emma J. Cockcroft and Robert C. Andrews
29 Monitoring Diabetes, 404
Emma English
30 Biomarkers and Precision Medicine in Diabetes, 414
Sok Cin Tye, Michele Provenzano, and Hiddo J.L. Heerspink
Part 6 Treatment of Diabetes
31 Insulin and Insulin Treatment, 431
Roman Vangoitsenhoven, Parth Narendran,
and Chantal Mathieu
32 New Technologies for Glucose Monitoring, 444
Thomas Danne and Olga Kordonouri
33 New Technologies for Insulin Administration, 459
Hannah Forde and Pratik Choudhary
34 Whole Pancreas and Islet Cell Transplantation, 473
Braulio A. Marfil-Garza, Peter A. Senior,
and A.M. James Shapiro
35 Oral Glucose-Lowering Agents, 492
Clifford J. Bailey and Andrew J. Krentz
36 Non-insulin Parenteral Therapies, 520
Tina Vilsbøll, Mikkel Christensen, Andreas Andersen,
and Filip K. Knop
37 How to Use Type 2 Diabetes Treatments in Clinical Practice, 534
Thomas Karagiannis, Aris Liakos, and Apostolos Tsapas
38 Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, 551
Alexis Sudlow, Dimitri J. Pournaras, and Carel W. le Roux
39 In-Hospital Treatment and Surgery in People with Diabetes, 559
Ketan Dhatariya, Philip Newland-Jones, and Mayank Patel
40 Hypoglycaemia in Diabetes, 579
Ahmed Iqbal, Elaine Y.K. Chow, Timothy W. Jones,
and Simon R. Heller
41 Acute Metabolic Complications of Diabetes: Diabetic Ketoacidosis
and the Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State in Adults, 602
Philip Newland-Jones, Mayank Patel, and Ketan Dhatariya
Part 7 Microvascular Complications in Diabetes
42 Pathogenesis of Microvascular Complications, 615
Allan Flyvbjerg
43 Diabetic Retinopathy, 629
Toke Bek
44 Diabetic Nephropathy, 640
Peter Rossing and Allan Flyvbjerg
45 Diabetic Neuropathy, 655
Shazli Azmi, Uazman Alam, and Rayaz A. Malik
Part 8 Macrovascular Complications
in Diabetes
46 Pathogenesis of Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes, 681
Jakob A. Østergaard, Tomasz J. Block, Sophia Dahm,
Waheed Khan, and Karin A.M. Jandeleit-Dahm
47 Hypertension and Diabetes, 700
Peter M. Nilsson
48 Dyslipidaemia and Diabetes, 713
Adie Viljoen, Ahmed Handhle, and Anthony S. Wierzbicki
49 Ischaemic Heart Disease in Diabetes, 724
Michael Lehrke and Nikolaus Marx
50 Heart Failure and Diabetes, 732
Ambarish Pandey, Kershaw V. Patel, and Subodh Verma
51 Cerebrovascular Disease and Diabetes, 745
Colum F. Amory, Jesse Weinberger, and Travis S. Smith
52 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 755
Henrik H. Sillesen
Part 9 Other Complications of Diabetes
53 Foot Problems in People with Diabetes, 771
Frank L. Bowling, Keeley J. Foley, and Andrew J.M. Boulton
54 Sexual Function in Men and Women with Diabetes, 780
Kirsty Winkley, Camilla Kristensen, Jackie Fosbury,
and David Price
55 Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Diabetes, 796
Michael Camilleri and Adil E. Bharucha
56 Diabetes and Oral Health, 810
Palle Holmstrup, Christian Damgaard, and Allan Flyvbjerg
57 Diabetes and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, 820
Alessandro Mantovani, Giovanni Targher, and
Christopher D. Byrne
58 The Skin in Diabetes, 838
Paul Devakar Yesudian
59 Bone and Rheumatic Disorders in Diabetes, 853
Andrew Grey and Nicola Dalbeth
60 Diabetes and Cancer: Risk, Outcomes, and Clinical
Implications, 867
Ellena Badrick, Emily J. Gallagher, and Andrew G. Renehan
61 Diabetes and Infections, 878
Andrea O.Y. Luk and Clive S. Cockram
62 Sleep and Diabetes, 897Sonya Deschênes, Amy McInerney, and Norbert Schmitz
Part 10 Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes
63 Psychosocial and Behavioural Aspects of Diabetes, 907
Frans Pouwer and Jane Speight
64 Role of Cognitive Function in Managing People
with Diabetes, 922
Tamsin Santos, Chelsea Baird, Sally Eastwood, Kerrie Shiell,
and Joseph E. Ibrahim
ouwer and Jane Speight
64 Role of Cognitive Function in Managing People
with Diabetes, 922
Tamsin Santos, Chelsea Baird, Sally Eastwood, Kerrie Shiell,
and Joseph E. Ibrahim
65 Mental Disorders and Diabetes, 933
Najma Siddiqi, Marietta Stadler, and Richard I.G. Holt
66 Social Aspects of Diabetes, 956
Brian M. Frier and Mark W.J. Strachan
67 Social Determinants of Diabetes, 973
Keri F. Kirk, Gerald McKinley, Briana Mezuk, and Erica Spears
Part 11 Diabetes in Special Groups
68 Ethnic, Cultural, and Religious Aspects to the Management
of Diabetes, 987
Wasim Hanif, Sarah N. Ali, and Vinod Patel
69 Diabetes in Childhood, 999
Jennifer M. Ikle, Ananta Addala, and David M. Maahs
70 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Diabetes
in Transition, 1019
Charlotte W. Chen and Lori M.B. Laffel
71 Diabetes in Pregnancy, 1034
David R. McCance and Laura Cassidy
him
65 Mental Disorders and Diabetes, 933
Najma Siddiqi, Marietta Stadler, and Richard I.G. Holt
66 Social Aspects of Diabetes, 956
Brian M. Frier and Mark W.J. Strachan
67 Social Determinants of Diabetes, 973
Keri F. Kirk, Gerald McKinley, Briana Mezuk, and Erica Spears
Part 11 Diabetes in Special Groups
68 Ethnic, Cultural, and Religious Aspects to the Management
of Diabetes, 987
Wasim Hanif, Sarah N. Ali, and Vinod Patel
69 Diabetes in Childhood, 999
Jennifer M. Ikle, Ananta Addala, and David M. Maahs
70 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Diabetes
in Transition, 1019
Charlotte W. Chen and Lori M.B. Laffel
71 Diabetes in Pregnancy, 1034
David R. McCance and Laura Cassidy
72 Diabetes in Old Age, 1072
Ahmed H. Abdelhafiz and Alan J. Sinclair
73 Diabetes at the End of Life, 1085
Trisha Dunning and June James
Part 12 Delivery and Organization of
Diabetes Care
74 The Role of the Multidisciplinary Team across Primary
and Secondary Care, 1097
Samuel Seidu and Kamlesh Khunti
75 Models of Diabetes Care in Low- and Middle-Income
Countries, 1107
David Beran, Sigiriya Aebischer Perone,
and Maria Lazo-Porras
Part 13 Future Directions
76 Immunotherapies for Type 1 Diabetes, 1125
Jesper Johannesen and Flemming Pociot
77 Stem Cell Therapy in Diabetes, 1137
Angelo Avogaro and Gian Paolo Fadini
78 Gene Therapy for Diabetes, 1144
Veronica Jimenez and Fatima Bosch
79 Future Drug Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes, 1154
Clifford J. Bailey
Index, 1167
Preface
It is nearly seven years since the last edition of the Textbook of
Diabetes was published, during which time there have been many
exciting developments in our understanding of diabetes and novel
treatments that have improved the lives of those living with diabetes.
Despite our ability to alleviate the risk of its long-term complications, the global burden of diabetes continues to rise as the prevalence inexorably increases. According to the International Diabetes
Federation, diabetes now affects 537 million adults, compared with
415 million when the last edition was published. Over three-quarters
of people with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries
and diabetes causes 6.7 million deaths a year, approximately one
every five seconds. The cost of treating diabetes has reached almost
US$1 trillion per annum, a threefold increase over the last 15 years.
The need for accurate and up-to-date information to help healthcare
professionals support people with diabetes has never been greater.
Ironically, as the volume of information and diversity of digital
resources have increased, many are finding it overwhelming to keep
abreast of the new advances.
It is particularly challenging to determine the validity of many source materials. In this textbook we aim
to bring together a series of chapters from internationally leading
diabetes experts who provide accurate and clinically relevant information to both academic and practising diabetes healthcare
professionals.
We have retained the structure from the previous edition, with a
similar length and number of chapters. The centenary of the discovery of insulin has just passed and the book begins with a history of
diabetes that provides many valuable insights from the past. We
then move through the epidemiology of diabetes, the physiology of
glucose metabolism, and the pathogenesis of diabetes, before sections on clinical management. A discussion of the microvascular
and macrovascular complications then follows, after which there
are sections on the psychosocial aspects of diabetes, the management of diabetes in special groups, and models of care, before a final
section to glimpse into the future
. New chapters include an overview of glucose homeostasis and the central control of glucose
metabolism, as well as chapters on the genetics and management of
obesity to recognize the close relationship between obesity and type
2 diabetes. There is a new chapter on the emerging topic of
biomarkers and precision medicine, while the rapid advance in
diabetes technology has necessitated a split into separate chapters
on glucose monitoring and insulin delivery. Transplantation has
moved from future treatments to current management to acknowledge its current place in clinical care. In the macrovascular section,
we have added a new chapter on heart failure, which has come to
the fore as a result of the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2)
inhibitor cardiovascular outcome trials. Oral health and sleep are
added to the list of other areas of diabetes complications, while the
importance of social determinants of health and ethnicity, culture,
and religion is now included in the psychosocial aspects of diabetes
section. The final new chapter describes managing diabetes in lowto middle-income countries, where the majority of people with
diabetes live.
As editors, we are only too aware of the hard work that goes into
the production of a comprehensive and up-to-date book such as
this. For this edition the pressures of the Covid-19 pandemic added
to the challenges of bringing the book to fruition. Our thanks go to
each and every chapter author who, despite busy academic, clinical,
and professional lives, was prepared to devote the time, energy, and
expertise to provide their essential contributions to the text. Thank
you for your forbearance of our nagging e-mails!
We are also grateful for the support we have received from our
publisher, Wiley-Blackwell. Our commissioning editor Jennifer
Seward, who took over from Priyanka Gibbons during the book’s
development, has provided guidance and encouragement. Our
thanks also go to Rajalaxmi Rajendrasingh, Sally Osborn, and the
rest of the Wiley-Blackwell team. The book looks even better than
the last edition! We would like to pay tribute to Clive Cockram and
Barry Goldstein, our editing colleagues for the fourth and fifth
editions. You were missed this time round.
We hope you enjoy reading the book, whether it be dipping in or
reading from cover to cover, as much as we did editing it. We have
taken away useful, novel information that will aid in our daily professional lives and hope that this book will help you to support the
people with diabetes you know in the widest sense of this meaning
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